ISO 15608 Material Groups

EN ISO 15608 Material Group 10.1:
Austenitic ferritic stainless steels (Standard Duplex) with Cr ≤ 24,0 % and Ni > 4 %

Standard Duplex Steels EN ISO 15608 Material Group 10.1

The duplex grades are used widely across all industry sectors. The primary factors that drive the use of duplex stainless steels are their improved stress corrosion cracking resistance and the potential to reduce cross sections in high-stress or high-pressure applications and tank construction. As with the other stainless steel families, the duplex grades have a range of corrosion resistance and can be divided into subgroups, depending on alloying content.

The standard duplex 2205 typically contain 21-25% chromium, 2-3% molybdenum and 0.15% nitrogen.  Grades in this category are used widely across all industry sectors and 2205 (S31803/S32205) has become by far the most widely used duplex grade. The 2205 grade has a yield strength that is more than twice that of Type 316 and a pitting and crevice corrosion resistance that is similar to Type 904L austenitic stainless steel.

An empirical relationship called the Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) has been developed to relate a stainless steels composition to its relative pitting resistance in chloride solutions.

For comparison: Austenitic steels (PREN = 24-25); Lean Duplex steels (PREN=21-32), Standard Duplex steels (PREN =32-40); Super Duplex (PREN = 40-48); Hyper Duplex steels (PREN >48).
Note: There is no exact definition for this classification

Applications for standard duplex grades include tanks, piping, process vessels and structural applications.

Weldability of Standard Duplex 2205 Steels ISO 15608 Material Group 10.1

Duplex stainless steels have a very good cracking resistance due the high ferrite content, hot cracking is rarely a consideration when welding these steels. Therefore the problem of most concern in duplex steels are associated with the heat effect zone (HAZ) of welds. The HAZ problems can be loss of corrosion resistance , toughness, or post-weld cracking. To avoid these problems, the welding procedure should focus an minimising total time at temperature in the “red hot” range rather than managing the heat input for any one pass.

Preheating: As general guideline, the max. interpass temperature is limited to 150°C.
PWHT: Is not needed for Duplex stainless steels
Any post weld heat treatment should include full solution annealing followed by water quenching.

Typical material in material group 10.1

Name/Type/Grade	Number	Standards	Product	Alloy	Remarks
X2CrNiN23-4 X2CrNiN23-4 X2CrNiN23-4 X2CrNiN23-4 – S32304 S32304 2304	1.4362 1.4362 1.4362 1.4362 S32304 S32304 S32304 S32304	EN 10028-7 EN 10272 EN 10216-5 EN 10217-7 ASTM A-240 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790 ASTM A-928	Plate Bar Seamless tube Welded tube Plate Smls. & welded tube Smls. & welded pipe Welded pipe	– – – – 2304 2304 2304 2304	EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 & EN ISO 21009-1 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
X2CrNiMoSi18-5-3 S31500 S31500	1.4424 S31500 S31500	EN 10216-5 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790	Seamless tube Smls. & welded tube Smls. & welded pipe	– – –	EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 F60 S32205 – – 2205 – 2205 4A 4A F51 S31803 – S31803 S31803 – S31803	1.4462 1.4462 1.4462 1.4462 1.4462 1.4462 S32205 S32205 S32205 S32205 S32205 S32205 S32205 J92205 J92205 S31803 S31803 S31803 S31803 S31803 S31803 S31803	EN 10028-7 EN 10272 EN 10216-5 EN 10217-7 EN 10222-5 EN 10253-4 ASTM A-182 ASTM A-240 ASTM A-479 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790 ASTM A-815 A928 A890 ASTM A-995 ASTM A-182 ASTM A-240 ASTM A-479 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790 ASTM A-815 A928	Plate Bar Seamless tube Welded tube Forging Fitting Forging Plate Bar Smls. & welded tube Smls. & welded pipe Fitting Welded pipe Casting Casting Forging Plate Bar Smls. & welded tube Smls. & welded pipe Fittings Welded pipe	– – – – – – 2205 2205 2205 2205 2205 2205 2205 2205 – – – – – – – –	EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 & EN ISO 21009-1 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
GX2CrNiMoN22-5-3	1.4470	EN 10213	Castings	–	EN 13445-2

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Lean Duplex steel: ISO 15608 Group 10.3
Super Duplex steel: ISO 15608 Group 10.2

Suitable Standard-Duplex and Super-Duplex steels for Pressure Equipments

EN ISO 15608 Material Group 10.2 :
Austenitic ferritic stainless steels (Super Duplex) with Cr > 24,0 % and Ni > 4 %

Super Duplex Steels EN ISO 15608 Material Group 10.2

The super duplex grades are used widely across all industry sectors. The primary factors that drive the use of duplex stainless steels are their improved stress corrosion cracking resistance and the potential to reduce cross sections in high-stress or high-pressure applications and tank construction. As with the other stainless steel families, the duplex grades have a range of corrosion resistance and can be divided into subgroups, depending on alloying content.

The super duplex grades typically contain 24-26% chromium, 6-8% nickel, 3-5% molybdenum, and 0.24-0.27% nitrogen.  Grades in this category are used widely across all industry sectors and 2507 (S32550) has become by far the most widely used duplex grade. The 2507 grade has a yield strength that is more than twice that of Type 316 and a pitting and crevice corrosion resistance that is similar to Type 904L austenitic stainless steel.

An empirical relationship called the Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) has been developed to relate a stainless steels composition to its relative pitting resistance in chloride solutions.

For comparison: Austenitic steels (PREN = 24-25); Lean Duplex steels (PREN=21-32), Standard Duplex steels (PREN =32-40); Super Duplex (PREN = 40-48); Hyper Duplex steels (PREN >48).
Note: There is no exact definition for this classification.

Applications for standard duplex grades include tanks, piping, process vessels and structural applications.

Weldability of Super Duplex Steels ISO 15608 Material Group 10.2

Duplex stainless steels have a very good cracking resistance due the high ferrite content, hot cracking is rarely a consideration when welding these steels. Therefore the problem of most concern in duplex steels are associated with the heat effect zone (HAZ) of welds. The HAZ problems can be loss of corrosion resistance , toughness, or post-weld cracking. To avoid these problems, the welding procedure should focus an minimising total time at temperature in the “red hot” range rather than managing the heat input for any one pass.

Preheating: As general guideline, the max. interpass temperature is limited to 100°C.
PWHT: Is not needed for Duplex stainless steels
Any post weld heat treatment should include full solution annealing followed by water quenching.

Typical material in group

Name/Grade/Type	Number	Standard	Product	AISI	Remarks
X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 F53 S32750 S32750 S32750 S32750 – 2507	1.4410 1.4410 1.4410 1.4410 1.4410 1.4410 S32750 S32750 S32750 S32750 S32750 S32750 S32750	EN 10028-7 EN 10272 EN 10216-5 EN 10217-7 EN 10222-5 EN 10253-4 ASTM A-182 ASTM A-240 ASTM A-479 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790 ASTM A-815 A928	Plate Bar Smls. tube Welded tube Forging Fitting Forging Plate Bar Smls & welded tube Smls & welded pipe Fittings Welded pipe		EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 & EN ISO 21009-1 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
GX2CrNiMoN25-7-3	1.4417	EN 10213	Steel cast., pressure purposes		EN 13445-2
F54 S39274 S39274	S39274 S39274 S39274	ASTM A-182 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790	Forging Smls & welded tube Smls & welded pipe		ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
2A 2A	J93345 J93345	A890 ASTM A-995	Casting Casting – pressurised parts		ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
3A 3A	J93371 J93371	A890 ASTM A-995	Casting Casting – pressurised parts		ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
GX2CrNiMoN26-7-4 5A 5A	1.4469 J93404 J93404	EN 10213 A890 ASTM A-995	Steel cast., pressure purposes Casting Casting – pressurised parts	– CE3MN CE3MN	EN 13445-2 ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 F55 S32760 S32760 S32760 – –	1.4501 1.4501 1.4501 1.4501 1.4501 S32760 S32760 S32760 S32760 S32760 S32760	EN 10028-7 EN 10272 EN 10216-5 EN 10217-7 EN 10253-4 ASTM A-182 ASTM A-240 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790 ASTM A-815 A928	Plate Bar Smls. tube Welded tube Fitting Forging Plate Smls & welded tube Smls & welded pipe Fitting Welded pipe		EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 & EN ISO 21009-1 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
X2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3 X2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3 X2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3 X2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3 S32550 S32550 S32550 S32550	1.4507 1.4507 1.4507 1.4507 S32550 S32550 S32550 S32550	EN 10028-7 EN 10272 EN 10216-5 EN 10253-4 ASTM A-240 ASTM A-479 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790	Plate Bar Smls. tube Fitting Plate Bars Smls & welded tube Smls & welded pipe		EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 & EN ISO 21009-1 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
GX2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3-3 CD4MCuN 1B 1B	1.4517 1.4517 J93372 J93372	EN 10213 EN 10283 A890 ASTM A-995	Steel cast., pressure purposes Steel casting Casting Casting – pressurised parts	– – CD4MCuN CD4MCuN	EN 13445-2 & EN 13480-2 – ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
1C	J93373	A890	Casting	–	ASME BPVC
GX3CrNiMoCuN24-6-5	1.4573	EN 10213	Steel cast., pressure purposes		–
GX3CrNiMoCuN24-6-2-3	1.4593	EN 10213	Steel cast., pressure purposes		–
7A 7A	J93379 J93379	A890 ASTM A-995	Casting Casting – pressurised parts		ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
CD3MWCuN 6A 6A	J93380 J93380 J93380	ASTM A-351 ASTM A-890 ASTM A-995	Casting Casting Casting – pressurised parts		ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC

Lean Duplex steel: ISO 15608 Group 10.3
Standard Duplex steel: ISO 15608 Group 10.1

Suitable Standard-Duplex and Super-Duplex steels for Pressure Equipments

ISO 15608 Material Group 10.3:
Austenitic ferritic stainless steels (Lean–Duplex) with Ni ≤ 4 %

What are Lean-Duplex steels?

Lean-Duplex steels are low Ni-alloyed, the duplex microstructure contributes to the high strength. Lean duplex steels are suitable for less aggressive conditions. Lean duplex stainless steels are a subset of duplex stainless steels that are formulated with lower amounts of expensive alloying elements, like nickel and molybdenum, while still maintaining good corrosion resistance and higher strength than conventional austenitic stainless steels. In duplex stainless steel, N is an important element that is used extensively for the enhancement of PREN (22 – 27), stabilisation of the austenite phase, and improvement of strength.

For comparison: Austenitic steels (PREN = 24-25); Lean Duplex steels (PREN=21-32), Standard Duplex steels (PREN =32-40); Super Duplex steels (PREN = 40-48); Hyper Duplex steels (PREN >48).
Note: There is no exact definition for this classification.

The pitting corrosion resistance is better than that of austenitic AISI 304 (EN 1.4307) and can reach the level of AISI 316L (EN 1.4404).

Weldability of Lean Duplex steels

Duplex stainless steel grades generally have good weldability and they can be welded using most of the welding methods used for austenitic stainless steels. In particular, N is very effective in maintaining the austenite phase of welds. Typical recommended heat inputs are 15-20 KJ/cm with a max. 150 °C interpass temperature. Nitrogen to the shielding gas and use of nitrogen-based backing gas can further improve the austenite formation and make the weld metal more resistant to pitting. It is not recommend pre- or post-welding heat treatments. Only complete solution annealing heat treatment may be considered.

Typical material in group 10.3

Name/Grade/Type	Number	Standard	Product	Alloy	Remarks
– – – S32003	S32003 S32003 S32003 S32003	ASTM A-240 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790 A928	Plate Smls. and welded tube Smls. and welded pipe Welded pipe		ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
X2CrNiN22-2 – – – – – –	1.4062 S32202 S32202 S32202 S32202 S32202 S32202	EN 10088-2 ASTM A-182 ASTM A-240 ASTM A-479 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790 ASTM A-815	Plate Forging Plate Bar Smls. and welded tube Smls. and welded pipe Fitting		– ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
X2CrMnNiN21-5-1 – – – – –	1.4162 S32101 S32101 S32101 S32101 S32101	EN 10028-7 ASTM A-240 ASTM A-479 ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790 ASTM A-815	Plate Plate Bar Smls. and welded tube Smls. and welded pipe Fitting		EN ISO 21009-1 ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
– –	S82011 S82011	ASTM A-789 ASTM A-790	Smls. and welded tube Smls. and welded pipe		ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
–	S82012	ASTM A-240	Plate		ASME BPVC
–	S82031	ASTM A-240	Plate		ASME BPVC

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Standard Duplex steel: ISO 15608 Group 10.1
Super Duplex steel: ISO 15608 Group 10.2

ISO 15608 Material Group 11.1: Higher carbon steels with carbon (0,30 ≤ C ≤ 0,35% ^c) and with following analysis:
Si ≤ 0,60%; Mn ≤ 1,8%; Mo ≤ 0,70%^c; S ≤ 0,045%; P ≤ 0,045%; Cu ≤ 0,40%^c; Ni ≤ 0,5%^c; Cr ≤ 0,3%; (0,4% for castings; Nb ≤0,06%; V ≤ 0,1%^c; Ti ≤0,05%;

Remarks:
^c A higher value is accepted, provided Cr+Mo+Ni+Cu+V ≤ 1,00%

Higher carbon steels acc. ISO 15608 Material Group 11.1

Carbon steels are commonly used in the manufacturing of many products and structures due to its high strength and low cost. Steels with higher carbon contents generally also contain other strength-enhancing elements, such as manganese.

What is the effect of carbon content on carbon steel？

Carbon is the most important factor in determining the mechanical properties of steel. As the carbon content increases, hardness increases, while plasticity and toughness decrease. Weldability also decreases with increasing carbon content due to martensite formation, especially with a carbon content of over 0.25 %. Steels are at risk of cracking during welding if martensite forms in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) due to rapid cooling.

The carbon equivalent (CE) when welding higher carbon steels

The decisive factor for good weldability is the carbon equivalent (CE), which can be calculated using the formula: CE = C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5, +(Ni+Cu)/15. The carbon equivalent (CE) in steels is a numerical value used to assess the weldability and hardenability of a specific steel composition. The carbon equivalent is especially important in welding applications because it helps estimate the risk of cracking in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of a weld joint and can help to determine the preheating temperature.

Typical material in group 11.1

Name	Number	Standard	Product	Remarks
C35E	1.1181	EN 10269	Fasteners
35B2	1.5511	EN 10269	Fasteners
C		ASTM A-738	Plate	ASME BPVC
–	–	ASTM A-36	Plate, bar & shape	ASME BPVC
CE55 E55	K02202 K02202	ASTM A-671 ASTM A-672	Fusion welded pipe Fusion welded pipe	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
CE60 E60	K02402 K02402	ASTM A-671 ASTM A-672	Fusion welded pipe Fusion welded pipe	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
–	K02506	ASTM A-727	Forging	ASME BPVC
70 CC70 C70	K02700 K02700 K02700	ASTM A-516 ASTM A-671 ASTM A-672	Plate Fusion welded pipe Fusion welded pipe	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
SA283 D D	K02702 K02702	ASTM A-134 ASTM A-283	Plate Plate	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
E	K02704	ASTM A-414	Sheet	ASME BPVC
A-1 B2	K02707 K02707	ASTM A-210 ASTM A-556	Smls. tube Smls. tube	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
D	K02709	ASTM A-178	E.R.W. tube	ASME BPVC
60 65 CB65 B65	– K02800 K02800 K02800	ASTM A-515 ASTM A-515 ASTM A-671 ASTM A-672	Plate t > 25 mm Plate Fusion welded pipe Fusion welded pipe	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
SA285 C C CA55 A55	K02801 K02801 K02801 K02801	ASTM A-134 ASTM A-515 ASTM A-671 ASTM A-672	Welded pipe Plate Fusion welded pipe Fusion welded pipe	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
A CK75 N75	K02803 K02803 K02803	ASTM A-299 ASTM A-671 ASTM A-672	Plate Fusion welded pipe Fusion welded pipe	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
B A B	K03000 K03000 K03000	ASTM A-500 ASTM A-501 ASTM A-501	Smls. & welded tube Smls. & welded tube Smls. & welded tube	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
70 CB70 B70	K03101 K03101 K03101	ASTM A-515 ASTM A-671 ASTM A-672	Plate Fusion welded pipe Fusion welded pipe	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
A	K03002	ASTM A-372	Forging	ASME BPVC
B	K03003	ASTM A-139	Welded pipe	ASME BPVC
C	K03004	ASTM A-139	Welded pipe	ASME BPVC
E, B F S, B	K03005 K03005 K03005	ASTM A-53 ASTM A-53 ASTM A-53	Resistance welded pipe Furnace welded pipe Smls. pipe	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
B WPB 6 FPB WPL6 C2	K03006 K03006 K03006 K03006 K03006 K03006	ASTM A-106 ASTM A-253 ASTM A-333 ASTM A-369 ASTM A-420 ASTM A-556	Smls. pipe Fitting Smls. & welded pipe Forged pipe Piping fittings Smls. tube	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
10	–	ASTM A-333	Smls. & welded pipe	ASME BPVC
60	–	ASTM A-572	Plate & shape	ASME BPVC
58 65 70	– – –	ASTM A-573 ASTM A-573 ASTM A-573	Plate & shape Plate & shape Plate & shape	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
M 1020 M 1023 M 1025	– – –	ASTM A-575 ASTM A-575 ASTM A-575	Bar Bar Bar	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
G10210 G10220 G10230 G10250	– – – –	ASTM A-576 ASTM A-576 ASTM A-576 ASTM A-576	Bar Bar Bar Bar	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
B2	K03007	ASTM A-557	E.R.W. tube	ASME BPVC
1 1	K03008 K03008	ASTM A-333 ASTM A-334	Smls. & welded pipe Welded tube	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
LF1	K03009	ASTM A-350	Forging	ASME BPVC
D	K03010	ASTM A-139	Welded pipe	ASME BPVC
LF2	K03011	ASTM A-350	Forging	ASME BPVC
E	K03012	ASTM A-139	Welded pipe	ASME BPVC
F42 F46 F48 F50 F52 F56 F60 F65 F70	K03014 K03014 K03014 K03014 K03014 K03014 K03014 K03014 K03014	ASTM A-694 ASTM A-694 ASTM A-694 ASTM A-694 ASTM A-694 ASTM A-694 ASTM A-694 ASTM A-694 ASTM A-694	Forging Forging Forging Forging Forging Forging Forging Forging Forging	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
4	K03017	ASTM A-266	Forging	ASME BPVC
B	K03018	ASTM A-135	E.R.W. pipe	ASME BPVC
1A	K03020	ASTM A-541	Forging	ASME BPVC
I	K03046	ASTM A-765	Forging	ASME BPVC
II	K03047	ASTM A-765	Forging	ASME BPVC
Y35 Y42 Y46 Y48 Y50 Y52 Y56 Y60	– – – – – – – –	ASTM A-381 ASTM A-381 ASTM A-381 ASTM A-381 ASTM A-381 ASTM A-381 ASTM A-381 ASTM A-381	Welded pipe Welded pipe Welded pipe Welded pipe Welded pipe Welded pipe Welded pipe Welded pipe	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
70	K03101	ASTM A-515	Plate	ASME BPVC
F	K03102	ASTM A-414	Sheet	ASME BPVC
G	K03103	ASTM A-414	Sheet	ASME BPVC
B C	K03200 K03200	ASTM A-696 ASTM A-696	Bar Bar	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
C	K03501	ASTM A-106	Smls. pipe	ASME BPVC
Cl. 60 Cl. 70	K03502 K03502	ASTM A-181 ASTM A-181	Pipe flange & fittings Pipe flange & fittings	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
C	K03503	ASTM A-178	E.R.W. tube	ASME BPVC
–	K03504	ASTM A-105	Flanges & fittings	ASME BPVC
C2	K03505	ASTM A-557	E.R.W. tube	ASME BPVC
1 2	K03506 K03506	ASTM A-266 ASTM A-266	Forging Forging	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC
B	K02008	ASTM A-372	Forging	ASME BPVC
B	K12001	ASTM A-737	Plate	ASME BPVC
B	K12007	ASTM A-738	Plate	ASME BPVC
A	K12447	ASTM A-738	Plate	ASME BPVC
1	K13502	ASTM A-508	Forging	ASME BPVC
1026 CW	G10260	ASTM A-513	Tube	ASME BPVC
1	J03502	ASTM A-356	Casting	ASME BPVC
LCA	J02504	ASTM A-352	Casting	ASME BPVC
LCC	J02505	ASTM A-352	Casting	ASME BPVC
B X42 X46 X52 X56 X60 X65 X70	– – – – – – – –	API Spec 5L API Spec 5L API Spec 5L API Spec 5L API Spec 5L API Spec 5L API Spec 5L API Spec 5L	Smls. & welded pipe Smls. & welded pipe Smls. & welded pipe Smls. & welded pipe Smls. & welded pipe Smls. & welded pipe Smls. & welded pipe Smls. & welded pipe	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC

ISO 15608 Material Group 11.2: Carbon steels with higher carbon (0,35 ≤ C ≤ 0,50% ^c) and with following analysis:
Si ≤ 0,60%; Mn ≤ 1,8%; Mo ≤ 0,70%^c; S ≤ 0,045%; P ≤ 0,045%; Cu ≤ 0,40%^c; Ni ≤ 0,5%^c; Cr ≤ 0,3%; (0,4% for castings; Nb ≤0,06%; V ≤ 0,1%^c; Ti ≤0,05%;

Remarks:
^c A higher value is accepted, provided Cr+Mo+Ni+Cu+V ≤ 1,00%

Steels acc. ISO 15608 Material Group 11.2 with higher content if Carbon

Carbon steels are commonly used in the manufacturing of many products and structures due to its high strength and low cost. Steels with higher carbon contents generally also contain other strength-enhancing elements, such as manganese.

What is the effect of carbon content on carbon steel？

Carbon is the most important factor in determining the mechanical properties of steel. As the carbon content increases, hardness increases, while plasticity and toughness decrease. Weldability also decreases with increasing carbon content due to martensite formation, especially with a carbon content of over 0.25 %. Steels are at risk of cracking during welding if martensite forms in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) due to rapid cooling.

The carbon equivalent (CE) when welding steels with a higher carbon content

The decisive factor for good weldability is the carbon equivalent (CE), which can be calculated using the formula: CEV=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5, +(Ni+Cu)/15. The carbon equivalent (CE) in steels is a numerical value used to assess the weldability and hardenability of a specific steel composition. The carbon equivalent is especially important in welding applications because it helps estimate the risk of cracking in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of a weld joint and can help to determine the preheating temperature.

Typical material in group 11.2

Name	Number	Standard	Product	Remarks
C45E	1.1191	EN 10269	Fasteners	EN 13445-2 &EN 13480-2
WP1	K12821	ASTM A-234	Fitting	ASME BPVC
–	K03300	ASTM A-455	Plate	ASME BPVC
3	K05001	ASTM A-266	Forging	ASME BPVC

Material Group 11.3 ISO 15608: Carbon steels covered by Material Group 1 with higher carbon ( 0,50 ≤ C ≤ 0,85% ^c) and with following analysis:
Si ≤ 0,60%; Mn ≤ 1,8%; Mo ≤ 0,70%^c; S ≤ 0,045%; P ≤ 0,045%; Cu ≤ 0,40%^c; Ni ≤ 0,5%^c; Cr ≤ 0,3%; (0,4% for castings; Nb ≤0,06%; V ≤ 0,1%^c; Ti ≤0,05%;

Remarks:
^c A higher value is accepted, provided Cr+Mo+Ni+Cu+V ≤ 1,00%

ISO 15608 Material Group 22.1 such as Aluminium 3003 alloy:
Non heat treatable aluminium-manganese-alloys

Features of Aluminium 3003 alloy

Compared to unalloyed aluminum, this material exhibits increased strength and high-temperature strength (due to the recrystallization-inhibiting effect of manganese). Al-Mn alloys are easy to form and good for welding and soldering (hard and soft soldering).

Aluminium 3003 alloy is almost only used as a wrought alloy and is processed into sheets or profiles by rolling or extrusion processes. The alloys are corrosion-resistant, have low/moderate strengths for aluminium alloys, and are not hardenable (by heat treatment). Aluminium 3003 alloy is suitable for the manufacture of pressure vessels and piping in accordance with EN 12392 “Aluminum and aluminum alloys – Wrought and cast products – Particular requirements for products for the fabrication of pressure equipment” see list below.

Table: Weldability and pressurised applications for materials in acc. to EN 12392:

Material	Condition	Weldability	Application	min./max. Working Temp.
EN AW-3003	O/H111 H112 H12 H14 H18	yes	Pressure Vessel, Piping Pressure Vessel, Piping Pressure Vessel, Piping Piping Piping	-273/250 °C
EN AW-3103	O H112 H12 H14 H18	yes	Pressure Vessel, Piping Pressure Vessel, Piping Pressure Vessel, Piping Piping Piping	-273/250 °C
EN AW-3105	O/H111 H112 H12 H14 H18	yes	Pressure Vessel, Piping Pressure Vessel, Piping Pressure Vessel, Piping Piping Piping	-273/200 °C

Typical materials in group 22.1

Name	Number	Standards	Products	Remarks
EN AW-AlMn1Cu EN AW-AlMn1Cu EN AW-AlMn1Cu	EN AW-3003 EN AW-3003 EN AW-3003	EN 485 EN 754 EN 755	Plate Cold drawn rod/bar and tube Extruded rod/bar, tube	EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8 EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8 EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8
EN AW-AlMn1 EN AW-AlMn1 EN AW-AlMn1	EN AW-3103 EN AW-3103 EN AW-3103	EN 485 EN 754 EN 755	Plate Cold drawn rod/bar and seaml. tube Extruded rod&pipe	EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8 EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8 EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8
EN AW‑AlMn0,5Mg0,5	EN AW-3105	EN 485-2	Plate	EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8
3003 3003 3003 3003 3003 3003 3003 3003 WP3003 3003 3003	A93003 A93003 A93003 A93003 A93003 A93003 A93003 A93003 A93003 A93003 A93003	ASTM B-209 ASTM B-210 ASTM B-221 ASTM B-234 ASTM B-241 ASTM B-247 ASTM B-334 ASTM B-345 ASTM B-361 ASTM B-491 ASTM B-547	Plate Smls. tube Bare & Rod Smls. tube Smls. pipe & tube Forging Smls. tube Smls. pipe & tube Fitting Extruded tube Welded tube	ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC ASME BPVC

EN ISO 15608 Material Group 22.2 such as Aluminium AW-5005 alloy :
Non heat treatable aluminium-magnesium-alloys with Mg ≤ 1,5 %

Features of Aluminium AW-5005 alloy

Compared to unalloyed aluminum, this material exhibits increased strength and high-temperature strength (due to the recrystallization-inhibiting effect of manganese). Al-Mn alloys are easy to form and good for welding. The alloys are atmospheric corrosion resistant, have moderate/high strength, and are not hardenable (by heat treatment). 5005 aluminum material is a medium-strength aluminum alloy material and it has good formability.

This alloys are almost only used as a wrought alloy and is processed into sheets or profiles by rolling or extrusion processes. H34 – Stabilised – A low temperature thermal treatment or heat introduced during manufacture which stabilises the mechanical properties and relieves residual internal stress, plus usually improves ductility.

Applications for using Aluminium AW-5005 alloy

The performance of 5005 aluminum alloy is similar to that of 3 series 3003 aluminum alloy, with moderate strength, good fusion, workability and formability,. This makes it an ideal material for a variety of construction and engineering projects that require continuous exposure to high temperatures such as thermal processing lines.

Table: Weldability and pressurised applications for aluminium alloy materials group 22.2 in acc. to EN 12392:

Material	Condition	Weldability	Application	min./max. Working Temp.
EN AW-5005	O/H111 H112	yes	Pressure Vessel, Piping Pressure Vessel, Piping	-273/200 °C
EN AW-5005A	O/H111 H112	yes	Pressure Vessel, Piping Pressure Vessel, Piping	-273/200 °C
EN AW-5050	O/H111 H112	yes	Pressure Vessel, Piping Pressure Vessel, Piping	-273/200 °C

Typical materials in group 22.2

Name	Number	Standard	Products	Remarks
EN AW‑AlMg1(B) EN AW‑AlMg1(B) EN AW‑AlMg1(B)	EN AW-5005 EN AW-5005 EN AW-5005	EN 485 EN 754 EN 755	Plate, sheet, stripe Cold drawn rod/bar and tube Extruded rod/bar, tube	EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8 EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8 EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8
EN AW-AlMg1(C) EN AW-AlMg1(C) EN AW-AlMg1(C)	EN AW-5005A EN AW-5005A EN AW-5005A	EN 485 EN 754 EN 755	Plate, sheet, stripe Cold drawn rod/bar and tube Extruded rod/bar, tube	EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8 EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8 EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8
EN AW-AlMg1,5(C)	EN AW-5050	EN 485	Plate, sheet, stripe	EN 13445-8 & EN 13480-8
3004	A93004	ASTM B-209	Plate	ASME BPVC
5050	A95050	ASTM B-209	Plate	ASME BPVC